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From seismic tests, various soil parameters at the low strain level can be calculated as:

Where,

μ = Poisson’s Ratio
Gmax = Low Strain Shear Modulus
E = Modulus of Elasticity
ρ = Soil Density
Vs = Shear Wave Velocity
Vp = Primary Wave Velocity

High-Strain Field Tests

At the higher range of shear strains, behavior of soil is elasto-plastic and produces irrecoverable permanent deformations in the soil. High strain field tests that are of particular importance to measure high-strain characteristics of soil includes:

(a) Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

(b) Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

(c) Dilatometer Test

(d) Pressure Meter Test

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